Aggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply Model - 806 Words

Aggregate demand and aggregate supply model is considering about the economy as a whole and used to explain how national income is determined. (economicsonline, 2016) Aggregate demand is the total demand for the economy scarce resources at a given price level and in a given period of time. It includes export(I), government spending(G), investment(X), some of consumer spending and less imports from aboard(M). The formula is AD= C+I+G+X-M. (economicsonline, 2016) Apart from imports, AD is related with price, so, C, I G and X are have different elasticity with the general level of prices. As shown below, in the short run, if price level decrease, GDP will expand, if price level increase, GDP will contract. The reasons lead to aggregate demand†¦show more content†¦The first one is prices and wages do not respond quickly to change in demand or supply. Another one is firms are often slow to adjust wages. If price level rise, it causes firms are more profitable with same wage, so f irms can hire more employees which lead to the increase of output. The third one is changing firms’ based prices to account for an unexpected increase in the price level can be costly. (Parker, 2014) Because the economy as a whole, AD and AS interact can influence level of price and level of output in the country. Change in AD will lead to change in real GDP, change in real GDP will lead to change in AS, change in AS will change price level. As shown in figure 2, when aggregate demand equal to aggregate supply, the output level Y and price level P will achieve an equilibrium. Change in AS and AD will lead to important effects on unemployment, inflation and price. In short rum, if price level below P, there are more demand than supply, firms will increase production and rise prices to earn more profit, so the excess demand will cause price level back up to the equilibrium level. If price level was above P, some goods and services will surplus, in order to sell more to earn a profit, firms will reduce their prices, or, firms will produce less to decrease loss. Finally, price level will come back to P, macroeconomic equilibrium achieved. (Colin and Susan, 2015) Figure 2 Macroeconomic equilibrium (source: Colin and Susan,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Aggregate Demand And The Aggregate Supply Model Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesThe aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model is a macroeconomics model that explains price level and real output through the relationship of aggregate demand and supply. The aggregate demand curve consist of consumption(C), investment (I), government spending (G), net export (NX). The question caused by monetary expansion. In this essay, it analysis monetary policy, Philips curve which relation between inflation and unemployment.it draws conclusion and apply the theory into two countries whichRead MoreAggregate Demand and Supply Models1095 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Aggregate Demand and Supply Models ECO/372 Aggregate Demand and Supply Models The following report will detail out the current state of the U.S. Economy. The report will discuss the following: * Current economic state in regards to unemployment, expectations, consumer income and interest rates * The existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply * Fiscal policies that are currently being recommended by government leadershipRead MoreAggregate Demand and Supply Model - Economic Advisement Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesAggregate Demand and Supply Model Economic Advisement With a nominal GDP estimated at more than 15 trillion it is clearly the United States economy is one of the largest in the world. A person must have lived in a cave underground for the past several years to not know that the current state of the nation’s economy is in desperate need of improvement. Many academic institutions have thought about how the economy arrived at its current state and how can it be restored. Some would advocate not usingRead MoreWeek 3, Learning Team - Aggregate Demand and Supply Models - Economic Critique1634 Words   |  7 PagesAn Economic Critique of Aggregate Demand and Supply Models An Economic Critique of Aggregate Demand and Supply Models The recent fall of the United States economy has created a society of fear, insecurity, and doubtful investors, retirees, and consumers world-wide. Economists from around the world have come together to solve world-wide economic issues and bring stability back to businesses, households, and the government. Economics teaches you how to approach problems; it does not provide whatRead MoreWhy Aggregate Demand Shifts : Anonymous Student Essay725 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Aggregate Demand Shifts Anonymous student University of the People Why Aggregate Demand Shifts Today under review, is the study of shifting aggregate demand models and reasons why shifts occurs. We shall also discuss shifts in short run aggregate supply and possible causes for those shifts as well. (AmosWeb, 2014) This model above shows a downward facing aggregate demand curve, the aggregate demand is always represented by a downward slope. The downward slope represents aggregate demandRead MoreAs/Ad Model1332 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics – Chapter 10: The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model * Keynesian Economics – Economists who focused on the short run * John Maynard Keynes - their leading advocate * the originator of macroeconomics as a separate discipline from micro * Classical Economists – economists who focused on long-run issues such as growth * Aggregate Demand Management – government’s attempt to control the aggregate level of spending in the economy * Equilibrium IncomeRead MoreMonetary Policies And Monetary Policy Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies Monetary policies are strategies used by the central bank, financial regulatory committee of currency board to regulate the amount of money supply in the economy. There are two types of monetary policies. These are expansionary monetary policies and contractionary monetary policies. Expansionary monetary policies entails increasing money supply in the economy. Expansionary monetary policies affect macroeconomic variables differently. It leads to reduction of unemployment, increases consumerRead MoreDifference Between Aggregate Demand And The Price Level1747 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion (3) A) What is Aggregate Demand? Aggregate demand is the total amount that all consumers, businesses, government agencies, and foreigners spend on final goods and services. Aggregate demand is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, and it describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Aggregate demand is not a fixed number because it depends on the price level. The relationship between aggregate demand and the price level normallyRead MoreClassical Vs. Keynesian Models Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesClassical vs Keynesian models Two economic models of thought are classical and Keynesian models. Each model takes a diverse approach to the economic education of financial policy, buyer behavior, and government spending. The classical model, which traces its origins to the 1770s, was the first systematic attempt to explain the determinants of the price level and the national levels of real GDP, employment, consumption, savings, and investments. Classical economist Adam Smith and others assumed thatRead MoreMeasuring Price Sensitivity And The Macroeconomic Environment Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pageseach category listed below, as businesses, in particular, XYZ Company, must use microeconomic principles to make and validate decisions based on the following factors: price elasticity, consumer choices, production and costs, supply and demand, aggregate supply and aggregate demand, and macroeconomic measurements. Microeconomic principles aligned with macroeconomics, enable businesses to understand the behavior of ind ividual business units and an organization, to predict, plan and achieve success. Elasticity

Essay Can Intelligent Design be Empirically Proven

There are diverse embodiments of counterfeit science, cheap science, and deviant science. Over time, mankind has seen the rise and fall of various scientific fields of study. However, none ever seem to vanish completely. Humanity’s views of the flat earth, astrology, crop circles, ancient astronauts, and perpetual motion continue to gain advocates even today. These are compelling paradigms of how human beings possess the ability to hold on to various forms of reasoning without any use of appurtenant evidence. With that being said, the matter of intelligent design and its counterparts, Darwinism, evolution and creationism, are noteworthy topics to discuss. For centuries, there have existed two major rival conjectures surrounding the†¦show more content†¦The study asseverates that the universe has developed strictly with the supervision of an ingenious force. The ultimate claim is that it is by this intelligent force that we can truly explain the complexity and multiplicity that we descry today. Ponder on this question, how does intelligent design describe the origins of life? Does the concept of intelligent design correspond with the structure of what a scientific theory should be, or should society discard the study and see it as nothing more than a religious article of faith encased in a scientific cloak? Well, according to Stafford Betty, author of the article, Intelligent Design Theory Belongs in the Science Classroom, â€Å"Intelligent design theory is not based on the Bible or any other scripture. It is not creationism in disguise, as opponents of intelligent design misleadingly claim. Intelligent design accepts evoluti on as a fact† (23). Even though many proponents of intelligent design agree on the idea that evolution is indeed a fact, it does not accept the ideology of Darwinism (Betty, 23). Darwinism and evolution is not the same thing. According to Maynard, author of the book, Evolution Now: A Century after Darwin, Darwinism only provides us explanations of how certain species respond to environmental challenges (Maynard, 7). This means that â€Å"Darwin’s theory of evolution provides us withShow MoreRelatedEssay about Creation and Evolution: An Eternal Debate1597 Words   |  7 Pagesfoundations of certain religions generally becomes difficult. Darwinism, in relation to religious beliefs can become controversial; some say they can coexist and some say they cannot. Darwinism was not intended to be anti-religious, but religious activist have criticized the belief since On The Origin of Species was published in 1859. Common ground between the two subjects is a very rough place, but it can be achieved. 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The law is the Law of Conservation of Matter, which states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. However, the second premise has had much controversy. How does one know that the w orld began to exist, instead of it always existing? There is plenty of science to prove it. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states thatRead MoreEmpiricism and Rationalism Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesnon-scientific persons. This is just one manner in which empiricism has â€Å"proved inadequate to explain many important human ideas†. (Nash, 1999, page 254) I believe that human truth is in a combination of empiricism and rationalism. Although, sensory data can inform us of the external world; yet, reason gives humanity access to equally important intangibles. For an example, I have a twenty two year old son who was diagnosed with autism at four years of age; I would tell the physicians about my son andRead MoreThe Argument For God s Existence And Nature2146 Words   |  9 Pagesit is meant to mean from before experience. These kinds of arguments are arguments that anyone can come to see as being true from the comfort of your bed and does not require any examination of the real word. In other words, Philo views Deamea argument as an argument that does not require empirical information. An example of a priori knowledge is the statement, â€Å"all bachelors are unmarried.† Anyone can come to this conclusion by reason alone because bachelors are people that are not unmarried. TheRead MoreEssay about A Philoshpical Approach to Proving the Existence of God4013 Words   |  17 Pagesresult in our salvation. Now Natural Theology is our knowledge of God that one ascertains through natural reasoning, or reasoning that is unaided by speci al revelations. Saint Thomas noted that this type of reasoning can provide knowledge of God’s nature, or even prove his existence, but can never result in the person attaining salvation for as he states, even demons know that God exists. A note must be made before we press on; as one might notice Natural Theology is akin to philosophy of religion inRead MoreMens Rea The Writing Style and Feminism of Lakambini Sitoy7010 Words   |  29 Pages MENS REA: THE WRITING STYLE AND FEMINISM OF LAKAMBINI SITOY A Thesis Design presented to Dr. Lito Diones, Ed. D. Of the Graduate School of Literature, Communication, and Other Languages School of Arts and Sciences Cebu Normal University In Partial Fulfillment of Lit 4007 Masterpieces of Filipino Writers Farina Dianne C. 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The analysis of current situation of Beiersdorf has many uncertainty due to the rapidly change of business trend, customer taste and fast growing competitors. However, implementation of the strategic management model can help the company to identify its position and build the effective strategyRead MoreThe Role of Ict in Banking Operations13419 Words   |  54 Pagesoperational costs. x. Make recommendations based on the research findings. 1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES In order to achieve the stated objectives of this study the following two null (H0) and corresponding alternative (H1) hypotheses will be tested empirically; i. H0: Information and Communications Technology has no impact on bank services in terms of customer satisfaction. H1: Information Technology has positive impact on bank services in terms of customer satisfaction. ii. H0: Information Technology

Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay Free Essays

string(34) " with net income as the lone end\." The delay and grueling hours of survey and fulfilment of academic demands will shortly be over. I meet the chance of graduating from this University with a grade in Business Finance with assorted feelings. First, there is alleviation that all the hours that I have put in order to accomplish this stepping rock into the universe of concern have eventually paid off. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, there is pride that I was able to carry through so much non merely academically but besides for my ain personal development within the continuance of my class in the University. Third, there is besides the fright that I feel comes of course to every alumnus as he steps out of a familiar environment and into an unfamiliar one. I know, along with every alumnus this twelvemonth, that the existent universe of work will be much tougher than the academia. However, I am confident that with my strong background in broad instruction and in my field of specialisation, I will be able to see my ends to fruition. There are three primary ends in my life at this peculiar clip which emphasize on household, personal, and societal duties. My first end is to take a successful calling as a man of affairs as I fulfill the household duty of pull offing the household concern. Having come from a traditional Eastern household, I am expected to take over the reins of the concern which my ascendants have labored to set up in order to procure the demands of the household. When I graduate, I will apprentice under my male parent until I have adequate experience to personally run the palm oil concern that my household owns. In my civilization, household ever comes foremost. This is my manner of honouring all the forfeits that my parents have done for me in order to supply me with a nice life and an first-class instruction. As my parents progress in age, it is the duty of the kids to take attention of them in their retirement. This is why my first major end at this point in my life is to instantly use all that I have learned to back up my household and prolong our support. My 2nd end is of a personal nature. Finally, I want to prosecute a alumnus grade in order to heighten my cognition in concern direction. Obtaining a maestro ‘s grade in concern disposal in the close hereafter will be of great aid to me professionally. On a personal degree, I recognize that larning does non stop and must be pursued continually. In add-on to executing the duties that one ‘s household expects of you, one should besides see one ‘s personal growing and development as a major end. My 3rd end relates to societal duty in relation to concern as a profession. During several categories I attended, I learned and appreciated the duty for concerns to do a positive impact to the community. I consider it an duty particularly for concerns rooted in the environment, like the oil concern. I had frequently considered puting up a scholarship fund for qualified yet disadvantaged kids in my community. There are many who are deprived of the basic demands in life such as instruction that need aid from those who can supply it for them. I do non believe that the impact of my instruction should interpret into doing the most addition for the benefit of the household concern I will shortly pull off. Rather, as Wood ( 1999 ) stated, the societal duty of concerns includes the designation and rating of concern results non sole of fiscal profitableness or a company ‘s wellbeing but by rules such as moralss and societal desirableness. I believe that ethical behavior of concern and profitableness are non reciprocally sole. Ethical motives and societal duty encouragement concern while at the same clip lending positively to the society in general. I recognize of class, that the universe is undergoing several societal, economic and political turbulences. The recent planetary crises and the outstanding dirts affecting planetary corporations Enron and AIG have had several deductions for the universe of concern. Political differences all over the universe – the Israeli-Palestine struggle, terrorist act, the atomic menace posed by Iran and North Korea, and the crude oil wars – affect lives and concerns around the universe. Peace remains elusive. Without peace, the chance of economic and societal development becomes even dimmer. Furthermore, the job of clime alteration besides presents several deductions for concerns including the concern that I will shortly take. Erratic conditions forms lead to drought, torrential rains, landslides, storms and works disease which will impact the palm oil concern negatively. My hopes for the universe within the following five decennaries are many. First, I look frontward to a more sus tainable and greenish universe. Because of my engagement in the palm oil industry, I feel that I can make my portion in conveying this about. In the palm oil concern, the environment is ever a primary concern. Palm oil companies are invariably pressured by environmental groups to cut down their environmental impact, which I think is merely fitting since the industry itself relies on sustainable environments to do their concerns grow. I believe that palm oil concerns should endeavor to implement schemes that would do palm cultivation work harmoniously and non negatively with the environment. Aside from saving and re-afforestation attempts, there should besides be clear waies in research and development to come up with ways for sustainable palm oil cultivation and to develop environmentally-friendly fuel. The palm oil industry presently presents an alternate to ozone-harmful crude oil energy with biodiesel and oleo-chemicals. It is of import that these attempts are carried on for the benefit of a greener universe. Second, I besides hope for a more socially responsible concern sector. One of the most dramatic realisations I had while in college is the judgement that most concerns operate with net income as the lone end. You read "Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Several industries around the Earth have left devastated environments, deforested lands, and polluted Waterss. Furthermore, corruptness and maliciousness besides hound the corporate sector following the recent batch of dirts affecting the top foreman of fiscal corporations. I feel that supplying an illustration to other concern leaders and concern proprietors on working ethically in the behavior of one ‘s concern will be important. In this mode, I feel I can someday lend to making a more socially responsible concern sector. However wishful I am to see this hope realized, I recognize that most business communities refuse to take the ethical position. I be lieve that the perceptual experience of many in the concern sector is that net income is the primary purpose, the societal duty ends are simply optional. I believe that non being able to determine future concern leaders to go more socially sensitive is a defect of modern twenty-four hours instruction. Education in the schoolroom has failed to interpret into work forces and adult females who care about the universe and who are capable of looking at things from a larger position. This is one of the chief grounds I am thankful that my college instruction has become an empowering experience for me. In the past, I used to be apathetic to the events that form and reshape the universe. My involvement has merely been self-preservation and self-advancement. The twenty-four hours I stepped into the university, I resolved that I will make everything I can to stand out and do my household proud of me. However, the lessons and classs I have taken have forced me to re-evaluate my ain ends and positions in life. As C.S. Lewis stated, the emancipating character of instruction transforms a pupil from â€Å" an stubborn small package of appetencies â €  toward â€Å" the good adult male and the good citizen † ( qtd. in Dunn 1 ) . As I graduate, I hope to go that adult male C.S. Lewis was mentioning to. A college instruction has done so much in pitching me towards that way. First, a college instruction has developed my ability to believe independently. Because of the diverse lessons that I have learned inside the schoolroom, from the humanistic disciplines, doctrine, political scientific discipline, and economic sciences, I have become person who can believe for himself. Before, I used to organize no sentiments about most things or issues. Yet, a college instruction has made me more opinionative and comparatively free from the confines of traditional or conventional thought. Second, it has made me more critical of the sentiments of others as good. The inclination for pupils or kids is to trust on the wisdom of those who are more experient than they are. As I learned more and endeavoured to educate myself on issues that impact me as a citizen, I found that I no longer cleaving to what my parents or equals say and think. The more sceptered my head has become, the more I can show myself. Third, a college instruction has besides led me to appreciate diverse ness in assorted signifiers. The authorization that comes from instruction allows us to see the universe from a wider lens. By larning about different civilizations, theories, and contexts, I have become more occupied to the survey of history and civilization. I admit that, being of Eastern descent, I carry with me several biass and preconceived impressions about people, events, and issues. The more I learned, nevertheless, the more I realized that I was incorrectly in most of these beliefs. I have besides developed the accomplishment to set things into the proper context and justice with an unfastened and critical head. A college instruction has besides helped me understand the universe better. It has opened my eyes to a diverse set of doctrines and accounts of phenomena that I have ne’er even dared to cognize approximately. Before I started college, many things remained cryptic or dazing to me. For case, I failed to understand why Islamic extremism exists and why people would make hideous Acts of the Apostless such as suicide bombardment. I besides could non appreciate why there are feminist motions around the universe and why generative rights is such a immense issue. Because these subjects were discussed in category, my eyes were opened for the first clip. Although I admit that taking it all in posed a great trouble, the of import thing was, unlike in the past where I was blind to such issues or phenomena, I have now learned an account for them. I enjoyed most of the assigned readings and besides exhausted clip reading books that were of a personal involvement to me. Possibly the most memorable book and philosopher I greatly appreciate and find inspirational is Nobel Prize laureate Bertrand Russell and his books, including his autobiographies. I admire his glare and his echt concern for the human race, with this quotation mark from The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell: Three passions, simple but overpoweringly strong, have governed my life: the yearning for love, the hunt for cognition, and intolerable commiseration for the agony of world. These passions, like great air currents, have blown me hither and thither, in a contrary class, over a deep ocean of anguish, making to the really brink of desperation. aˆÂ ¦ This has been my life. I have found it deserving life, and would lief populate it once more if the opportunity were offered me ( Russell 3-4 ) . Russell ‘s eternal captivation with the human spirit is something I wish for myself. With all my experiences in college, I feel the demand to construct on that cognition more and more. In the past, I could see myself a inactive scholar. Largely, I take in whatever is being taught but ne’er truly do an attempt to understand or appreciate it. I besides consider myself a lazy reader, sing it a load to bury myself in a few pages of books and analyse its contents. My strong suit has ever been in Numberss and mathematics. My life in college has changed the manner I take in cognition. When I majored in finance, I was able to appreciate how Numberss and mathematic calculations are being applied in concern. This made me more interested and more committed to my specialisation. Furthermore, I have found myself prosecuting others when discoursing societal issues and showing my sentiment when I have something to state. These betterments with myself and my methods of larning I can imp ute to the broad instruction provided to me and the inspiration I derived from the books and philosophers I have read. A broad instruction creates the all-around person. This is what it means to me. Broad instruction plants under the premiss that the ultimate end adult male is to go â€Å" to the full human. † To be to the full human requires non merely that work forces can be able to believe but to interpret this thought into the public presentation of our responsibilities as members of society. Hence, broad instruction does non restrict itself to the remarkable undertaking of preparation persons for the work force. While fiting people with the accomplishments they need for future employment, broad instruction, harmonizing to C.S. Lewis ( 1999 ) , â€Å" conserves civilisation by bring forthing sensible work forces and responsible citizens † ( p. 18 ) . This is after all, what sets us apart from the animate beings. Men should move non merely out of the demand for self-preservation and needs satisfaction, they should be able to be free from basic appetencies and utilize their head to ju dge what is right and incorrect for them and for society. Before, I failed to appreciate why I need to take classs in political scientific discipline or sociology or doctrine – topics which I felt were irrelevant to my major in concern finance. I realized subsequently on that an instruction with a strong background in broad humanistic disciplines provides a more comprehensive position of the universe and completes the partial position provided by one field of specialisation. If I focused on one country of cognition, my position of the universe is uncomplete. My capacity to believe critically, justice, and move upon that judgement would be limited because I lack the information demand to do wiser determinations. Hence, I began to look at my major as merely one piece of the mystifier and that cognition requires several pieces to be patched together. Several of these pieces could merely be completed with general cognition provided by a broad humanistic disciplines instruction. Broad humanistic disciplines provides all-around instruction by giving pupils a diverse organic structure of cognition and the critical thought, analytic and scrutiny accomplishments to set these thoughts into their proper context and do sense out of them. Decidedly, the broad humanistic disciplines classs I took had a liberating consequence on me. As I earlier stated, I used to look at the universe in mere Numberss and mathematics. I cared less for what was go oning around me – in the societal and political environment. As a consequence, I had several prejudices and biass which were a contemplation of my hapless background in general cognition. In this mode, instruction as a whole has become non merely necessary, but meaningful to my future profession and to my personal life. After I graduate from college, I intend to prosecute a maestro ‘s grade in order to go a fiscal analyst. I expect to read several books in finance and concern disposal. Along with these required books, I besides intend to read on moralss, doctrine and the environment to assist me accomplish the three major ends I have set for myself as I graduate from college. I want to be a good man of affairs non merely in footings of the profitableness and productiveness of my concern but because of how ethically sound I conduct my concern. My personal mission statement in one sentence is: To go to the full human and being a positive force in society by populating with honestness, compassion, and duty. In the professional sense, I want to be able to take the household concern with efficiency and profitableness while adhering to the ethical criterions and rules required of socially responsible concerns. I want to lend, in my capacity as a future man of affairs and fiscal analyst, to a greener and more sustainable Earth by advancing environmental-friendly policies and researches. Furthermore, I want to put an illustration for the concern sector in making concern responsibly. How to cite Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Hydrologic Cycle Essay Example For Students

Hydrologic Cycle Essay HYDROLOGIC CYCLE The hydrologic cycle is a constant movement of water above, on, and below the earths surface. It is a cycle that replenishes ground water supplies. It begins as water vaporizes into the atmosphere from vegetation, soil, lakes, rivers, snowfields and oceans-a process called evapotranspiration. As the water vapor rises it condenses to form clouds that return water to the land through precipitation: rain, snow, or hail. Precipitation falls on the earth and either percolates into the soil or flows across the ground. Usually it does both. When precipitation percolates into the soil it is called infiltration when it flows across the ground it is called surface run off. The amount of precipitation that infiltrates, versus the amount that flows across the surface, varies depending on factors such as the amount of water already in the soil, soil composition, vegetation cover and degree of slope. Surface runoff eventually reaches a stream or other surface water body where it is again evaporated into the atmosphere. Infiltration, however, moves under the force of gravity through the soil. If soils are dry, water is absorbed by the soil until it is thoroughly wetted. Then excess infiltration begins to move slowly downward to the water table. Once it reaches the water table, it is called ground water. Ground water continues to move downward and laterally through the subsurface. Eventually it discharges through hillside springs or seeps into streams, lakes, and the ocean where it is again evaporated to perpetuate the cycle. GROUND WATER AND SUBSURFACE WATER Most rock or soil near the earths surface is composed of solids and voids. The voids are spaces between grains of sand, or cracks in dense rock. All water beneath the land surface occurs within such void space sand is referred to as underground or subsurface water. Subsurface water occurs in two different zones. One zone, located immediately beneath the land surface in most areas, contains both water and air in the voids. This zone is referred to as the unsaturated zone. Other names for the unsaturated zone are zone of aeration and vadose zone. The unsaturated zone is almost always underlain by a second zone in which all voids are full of water. This zone is defined as the saturated zone. Water in the saturated zone is referred to as ground water and is the only subsurface water available to supply wells and springs. Water table is often misused as a synonym for ground water. However, the water table is actually the boundary between the unsaturated and saturated zones. It represents the upper surface of the ground water. Technically speaking, it is the level at which the hydraulic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. The water level found in unused wells is often the same level as the water table. AQUIFERS An aquifer is a saturated geologic formation that will yield a usable quantity of water to a well or spring. Ground water occurs in aquifers under two conditions: confined and unconfined. A confined aquifer is overlain by a confining bed, such as an impermeable layer of clay or rock. An unconfined aquifer has no confining bed above it and is usually open to infiltration from the surface. Unconfined aquifers are often shallow and frequently overlie one or more confined aquifers. They are recharged through permeable soils and subsurface materials above the aquifer. Because they are usually the upper most aquifer, unconfined aquifers are also called water table aquifers. Confined aquifers usually occur at considerable depth and may over lie other confined aquifers. They are often recharged through cracks or opening sin impermeable layers above or below them. Confined aquifers in complex geological formations may be exposed at the land surface and can be directly recharged from infiltrating precipitation. Confined aquifers can also receive recharge from an adjacent highland area such as a mountain range. .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .postImageUrl , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:hover , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:visited , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:active { border:0!important; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:active , .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue913d46f104aaf8bd0dc491881fc51fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: CESAR CHAVEZ MURAL Essay Water in filtrating fractured rock in the mountains may flow downward and then move laterally into confined aquifers.WATER SUPPLY WELLS When water is withdrawn from a well, its water level drops. When the water level falls below the water level of the surrounding groundwater flows into the well. The rate of inflow increases until it equals the rate of withdrawal.The movement

Onlive vs Traditional Education Outline free essay sample

Thesis Statement: Online education provides students with flexible schedules and the ability to work at their own pace, while a traditional education provides students with the ability to interact with teachers and peer while learning. I. When choosing to make the choice to return to school, and further educations levels it can be quiet a difficult decision to make. Whether the choice is to enroll in an online program or the traditional education style, students must be dedicated and make the choice that will best fit their lifestyle and schedule.II. Learning Styles A. Classroom I. Face to face with teachers II. Black board B. Internet I. Chat room communication II. Forums III. Schedule A. Flexibility I. Convenience II. Work while in school B. Routine I. Set time to arrive II. Set amount of hours per week IV. Supplies A. Technology I. Computer/printer II. Microsoft word B. Basic needs I. We will write a custom essay sample on Onlive vs Traditional Education Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pen II. Paper V. Assignments A. Hard copy I. Posted on blackboard II. Turned directly into teacher hand B. UploadedI. Posted in forums II. Websites When it comes to online education vs the traditional education style there are some differences between the two, but there are very much similar. Either way each student gets a good education and has to set goals and standards for themselves to achieve completion of their program of choice. Student must just first decide on which type of learning style better suites them and decide on what will be the best for their lifestyle.

Work and Organization systems

Work and Organization systems The four frames In almost every discipline-embracing leadership, people devote themselves into publishing numerous volumes of articles on leadership theories. Amid the intense amount of work done on leadership theories, a thorough scrutiny of the existing literature surfaces four crucial frames deemed ample for the purposes of cute understanding of the organizational structures and leadership within such organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Work and Organization systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"These frames are structural, human resource, political and symbolic frames† (Bolman Deal 2008, p.27). The paper points out three of the priory-identified frames in relation to facilitating successful implementation of a project despite an unsupportive environment presented as a case study 2005-3 by Raymond Young, available at Macquarie graduate school of management. In addition, the benefits and the limitations of taking each frame perspectives in facilitation of implementation of the agency’s IT project receive a thorough treatment. Finally, through consideration of benefits and the limitations of the three frames, the most amicable way of managing processes of change at the agency in future projects implementations will acquire some introspection. In addition, the leadership deemed vital for meeting the challenge of more successful approach to project implementation and change management in the future will receive some glance. Human resource frame Introduction From a human resource perspective, people are the central tools that an organization has in order to achieve its goals and objectives. As a repercussion, the human resource manager endeavors to ensure that he or she responds to the needs coupled with goals of employees as one crucial step toward ensuring that he or she gains the necessary loyalty and commitment of the employees to do the work of an organizat ion. â€Å"This leader empowers people through participation and attempts to gain the resources people need to do the job well but also confronts when deemed appropriate but tries to do so in a supportive environment† (Hersey et al. 2007, p.12). Tech-media is under immense transformation process. The organization desires to put into place a new system that makes it compliant to the Y2K technology. The CEO of the company sees this as an amicable opportunity to raise funds that would see the company listed in the stock exchange.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Senior managers of the company led by the CEO come together to form a steering committee with the chief intention of weighing various options for achieving the realization of successful implementation of the system. The committee agrees on ERP system. The implementation is within time and budget constrai nts. However, there is the need for an ample human resource. Implementation process For the agency, it is evident that the finance staff was totally unmotivated and unwilling to take up their responsibilities. According to the Young (2005), â€Å"most agency staff considered the finance department something of an inconvenience and largely irrelevant to the operational business of the agency† (p. 4). In addition, Young reveals that, the agency had already acquired an international standard for over decades. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, once a need is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivator anymore. Intentions to maintain excellent status in this case was not a motivator any more. Since, workers motivation falls under the human resource sphere de-motivation was a substantial impediment to the success of the implementation of the agency’s IT project. With reference to Bolman and Deal (2008), â€Å"the human resource framework places people first, which is remarkably similar to stewardship or servant leadership where participation in decision making and problem solving are primary components of the model† (p.34). Consequently, decision-making requires hefty inputs of the human resource management to instill the spirit of ‘yes you can’ to those charged with roles in an organization. For the new agency’s finance director, this was largely absent until when the chairperson of the MIS steering committees intervened. Young says, â€Å"the chairman firstly helped by reaffirming his confidence that she had the ability to drive the initiative through† (2005, p.7). This way, the finance director could overcome the criticisms emanating from Mark Black. This perhaps well exemplifies the absence of contributions of the human resource towards maintenance of the workers morale within the agency.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Work and Organization systems specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More The framework of human resource lie on the foundation that individuals form an organization and that these individuals have different perceptions, have personalized biasness as well as potential and skills which are evidently different for different people. This fact served as a major impediment to the implementation of the agency’s project since some of the workers would forecast success; other would see failure of the project at the end. In addition, unfortunately, the new finance director realized that â€Å"the MIS project failed because no one from senior management had taken the risk of championing the project even though the head of the agency had initiated it himself† (Young 2005, p.7). Consequently, one of the noble functions of the managers was largely absent: leading. Another function of the human resource that was absent was the job design and work management. This responsibility calls for the human resource mana gers to decide on whom to allocate a certain job, and at what time. The new director claims that she â€Å"needed the right people to be under her if the implementation of the project was to bear success in terms of making financial decisions. Inasmuch as direction was required, it is somewhat evident that this agency was at advanced stages in terms of performance in implementing projects. It is thus arguable that every employee of the agency was well acquitted and experienced with his or her duties. Majority of the staff knew much well that delegation was the prime mover of their motivation. This may reveal itself because the new director claims that everybody kept asking her when she was finally going to make the financial decision over the corridors. This decision was essential in order to give permission to proceed. On the other hand, the chairperson had much hope on the agencys human resource especially in terms of achieving their delegated chores. To this ends, he laments tha t the â€Å"MIS did not fail technically but because of lack of sponsorship† (Young 2005, p.6). Support from all stakeholders was vital for the success of the project. Under the human resource frame, individuals get the capacity to learn to defend the existing old attitudes coupled with beliefs about certain ways of doing things.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fact stands in the IT project implementation by the agency. The agency hired no consultants. The technicians received textbooks to read and thereof decide on what to do. Various staff members also expressed their worries that the project might end up being a horror story of failure. It was evident in some other organization. As it may be deduced from the above discussion, human resource frame is fully dependent on the capacity of the workers to get fully compliant with the objectives of an organization and appreciate that, in as much the organization demands they also need the institution too. One benefit of the human resource frame is that, more yields are obtainable for the employees upon the deployment of the appropriate strategies to ensure work satisfaction and motivation among workers. However, determination of essential motivators relies on the position of the employee needs in the hierarchy of needs as established by Maslow and Herzberg. Since human needs are continuous ly evolving and dynamic in nature, ensuring maintained workers morale and positive altitudes towards work calls for the inculcation of some new tactics to maintain the motivation of a given worker. Unfortunately, not every worker would attain the highest hierarchical level, since not all people can fit in the most top management level in an organization. Consequently, at any instance, there will always be unmotivated workers who might be in excessive need for promotion. Another drawback is that the human resource framework sees people as subjects of manipulation through some ways. However, people are different and have different feelings and emotional attachments. Consequently, opposed to what human resource management theories suggest, what may motivate one worker may not give equally similar effect to another worker. There is the warranty for the assumption that organizations serve human needs. Conclusion Change management is crucial for the evidently volatile and yet dynamic busi ness environments of today. A change of human resource management perspectives consequently stands out inevitable. More precisely, change is a process, which from human resource perspectives entails changing the manner in which people execute their duties, habits and beliefs. In one way or another, this would entangle removing people from their accustomed comfort zones. People are widely reluctant to adopt change. However, taking human resource perspectives implies the need to address such issues. Structural Frame Introduction When one thinks of an organization, perhaps what comes to mind is the pyramidal structure that depicts the hierarchical position of every member of that organization. Adopting a structural framework in the implementation of organization’s projects implies that â€Å"the structural manager tries to design and implement a process or structure that will be appropriate to a problem and circumstances† (Jensen Meckling 1994, p.5). The procedure would include clarification and setting of the overall goals of an organization, taking proactive strategies to ensure that the external environment is well controlled, ensuring the development of transparent structure that is appropriate with respect to the environment and tasks also putting into place the objects of authority. In addition, vital to consider would entail â€Å"focusing on tasks, facts and logic rather than on personality and emotions† (Jensen Meckling 1994, p.7). The structural framework, drawn from sociological considerations, places more emphasis on the need of following formal relationships within an organization. Structures that are created deserve to be consistent with the existing state of technology and the environment. In this frame, it is the responsibility of an organization to â€Å"allocate responsibilities, create rules, policies and management hierarchies to coordinate diverse activities† (Bolman Deal 2008, p.45). More often than not, proble ms arise in case the established structures fail to be coherent with the existing situations. Implementation process In case of the agency, certain roles are placed within a group of peoples: some forming the heads of the departments such as finance and technical among others. The responsibilities for each structural unit strictly lie within that structure so that the policy making process takes a cascaded format. For instance, Young claims, â€Å"most agency staff outside finance department has professional or scientific backgrounds while most of the agency finance staff has clerical backgrounds† (2008, p.1). For effectiveness, all the existing structures’ workers ought to posses some general knowledge concerning what happens in other structures. Why? A problem here is obvious. Some omissions are likely to occur when the users of the output of a given structure are not present during formulation and implementation of a given project level. For instance, considering th e agency’s IT project, it calls for heavy expenditure and commitment of resources. Consequently, subtle budgeting is essential. Supposing some bailing was omitted, and only discovered when some certain allocated funds remains. The result would end up being a frustration to the project since chances are likely that additional costs would be incurred in terms of time and other resources to correct the errors that the agency could have avoided. This was possible if the entire team making the policies sat on a rounds table as opposed to over the window approach. According to Bolman and Deal (2008), in structural frame work, the chief focus is on â€Å"how to find some arrangement-a pattern of formal roles and relationships-that will accommodate organizational needs as well as individual differences† (2008, p.50). However, following this framework in the implementation of the new IT project would end up being problematic to the agency. From experience, some other projects h ad failed tremendously when this approach was used. For instance in case, â€Å"the finance branch (a structure) implemented five separate information systems (AP, AR, GL, inventory, HR), which even though the systems worked, they were not integrated. Significant manual intervention was required to produce the statutory financial reports† (Young 2008, p. 2). This is perhaps well depicts the significance of incorporating knowhow from all structures within an organization. It is fascinating to learn about such failure while the agency had apple IT knowhow. For successful implementation of the agency’s IT project through the entire agency, it calls for a breakdown of such structures to make the policies regarding the project across all departments while borrowing the support and technical knowhow of all members of the organization. However, initially the finance department was reluctant to give an incorporative hand in the IT project. They claimed that they did not like à ¢â‚¬Å"waste of money on financial systems, the track record in finance branch was poor. There was no reason to anticipate the agency would not be the next horror given the dreadful experience of their colleagues in other public agencies† (Young 2008, p.9). Conclusion Adopting a structural approach would pose a problem since it is required that the organization be split up into independent unit. The challenge would be to ensure coherency and coordination between these structures upon splitting them up. Some separate units will have separate responsibilities allocated to them. This constitutes an enormous challenge especially while implementing an IT project since, such projects constitutes a set of activities so interrelated that a bug in one of the activities would truncate itself throughout the entire project with consequences of posing future troubles. Need for standardization of skills is yet another drawback. Human beings are different and talented differently and have dif fering capabilities that aid them in accomplishing certain objectives and tasks. More important is the fact that, â€Å"hierarchy and top-down structures tend to work for ordinary and stable tasks† (Bolman Deal 2008, p.56). In situations of complex environment, it is desirable for the structures to adapt. In case the agency used the structural frame, more emphasis would be placed on varying the structures to respond appropriately to the existing dynamics. It is also evident that for a structural frame, â€Å"few groups have flawless members: the light structure can make optimal use of available resources† (Bolman Deal 2008, p.70). The need to embrace group accountability would also emerge as an important issue. Symbolic Frame Introduction Visions coupled with inspirations forms essential components of a leader deploying the symbolic frame. The frame borrows widely from cultural and social anthropology. It â€Å"treats organizations as tribes, theatre or carnivalsâ⠂¬  (Bolman Deal 2008, p.89). The organizations are characterized by cultures driven by heroes, rituals, myths and policies while not negating authority. Problems typically emerge when â€Å"actors play their parts badly, when symbols lose their meaning and when ceremonies lose their potency† (Bolman Deal 2008, p.99). People normally give more concerns to those organizations, which give them unique identities and make them have a feeling of impeccable significance. According to Bolman and Deal (2008), â€Å"these leaders often rely heavily on organizational traditions and values as the basis for building a common vision and culture that provides cohesiveness and meaning† (p.109). Implementation process In the implementation process of the agency’s IT project, some symbols of failure were imminent. Young remarks that, â€Å"this period ended when Henry and another opponent took a leave and finally left the agency† (2005, p.10). The issues surrounding th e departure of Henry and his colleague, in fact, rendered the implementation of the project delayed by six months. Henry’s perceptions about the IT project to incorporate internal reporting systems rather than not just external reporting systems relied on the need to enhance the existing system rather than making additions, which would result to complication of the project. In this context, symbolic frame was essentially constructed by myths about failure, which prejudiced the intents to try some new ways to better the effectiveness and efficiency of the reporting systems with pragmatism. The weird part of adopting a symbolic approach is that, when people hold and advocate for certain beliefs, they normally have the tendencies to translate them into norms. An ideology that a certain way of executing certain organizational roles cannot work, sparingly without any practical proof, would, thus, serve to undermine development of better systems within an organization. Cultural con texts within work places are enormously valid depending on the number of cultures that are brought together for one single reason: attain the organization’s goals and objectives. Consequently, the central concern that a leader need pay impeccable attention to is the need to consolidate cultures, beliefs and myths and establish some compromise that only takes affiliations that are congruent with the optimistic anticipations of the organization in question. However, this does not mean that criticisms fuelled by symbolic frames should be kept at bay. They are indispensable especially when it comes to evaluation of the other side of the story. Nevertheless, the agency’s IT project implementation was not characterized by symbolic of cultural stigmatizations; something that perhaps resulted to the success of the implementation process despite the project being extensively complex. Conclusion Cultural considerations of the organizations’ workforce calls for some inculc ation of strategies that see the entire workforce recognize the relevance of cultural diversity. These are essential since, more often than not, such people come from different cultures. One way to accomplish this is shunning away from stereotypical racial inclinations that perceive some people as better than others, not based on their talents and cognitive abilities endowments, but rather on their color and bodily appearances among other racial traits. Benefits and limitations of the four frames Introduction The frames presented by Bolman and Deal play vital roles in contributing towards the change of ways in which people look at the manner in which work and organization are supposes to be managed. As discussed in the previous section, the four frames are political, structural, human resource and symbolic frame. This section points out the best possible ways of managing processes change by looking at the necessary leadership for successful implementation of projects in the future. The best Possible ways of managing the processes change As discussed in the previous sections, each frame has its pros and cons. A brilliant manager would, therefore, and according to Bolman and Deal (2008), â€Å"adopt the frame works that will most be appropriate for a given situation† (p.140). The nature of the organizations is characterized by deception, ambiguities, surprises and incredible complexity. Multiple frames can promote versatility with repercussion of improvement of understanding about a situation facing a manager. Bolman and Deal are for the opinion that â€Å"Multiple frames enable us to reframe-to view the same thing from multiple perspectives† (2008, p.157). This way the erroneous indulgences of the managers in narrow thinking would dwindle. Additionally, this would serve to the advantage of work and organizational systems. Organizations established within a society fragments them into discrete structures possessing some symbols that identify and th oroughly distinguish them from all other structures. Furthermore, such structures are mostly for individuals who have certain perceptions, feelings and prejudices. This makes it vital for such future agencies to incorporate the strategies of human resources. On a different account, organizations subject themselves to political influences especially when formulating certain policies (Frost 1986, p.29). Consequently, future agencies call upon managers who are part of the projects implementation committees to consider political frames in an endeavor to ensure that neutral positions are established among all stakeholders. In fact, it is impossible to align all stakeholders of any IT implementation project to the goal of an organization if they embrace differing political opinions especially bearing in mind how information technology project involves incredible investments in terms of technological knowhow amid large commitments of organization’s funds. It is pertinent to note als o that political frames embrace arriving at decisions through bargaining, jockeying and negotiations emanating from contributions of different coalition parties forming the entire decision making arm of an organization. Inasmuch as political frame consideration is paramount, arriving at decisions may take quite a long time following the need to provide political views agreement, failure to which they would form subtle catalysts for coercion (University of Melbourne 2003, Para. 3). Consequently, multiple frames stand out as the way out for the future IT project implementations. If future projects are to be implemented with excellence, â€Å"it requires whole some redefinition, perhaps, excellent firm do not believe in excellence- only in constant improvement and constant change† (Frost 1986, p.4). Such excellence may not be achieved through consideration of only a single frame when approaching the nightmare of future project implementations. Implementing changes demands commit ment of energy in an attempt to learn new approaches in development of new skills and capacities to handle emerging challenges. Therefore, future management requires managers who approach organizational challenges from multi-frames approach. Necessary leadership for successful implementations of projects With complexities in technological sophistication, it is anticipated that implementation of future projects would pose many management and leadership challenges. One radical shift that is vital is looking at leadership out of the old contexts. Leadership is not synonymous â€Å"to power also, it is a distinct form authority† (Bolman Deal 2008, p.167). Leadership also differs from the traditional managerial roles in that requires a leader to look beyond the existing personal jurisdictions thinking from a long-term dimension. The leader must possess political skills coupled with an incredible emphasis on renewal, acting as vision carrier of an organization. According to Frost (1986), â€Å"leaders are expected to persuade and inspire, not coerce† (p.78). The future leaders deserve to appreciate that their noble roles in organizations entail making policies vital for future prosperity of an organization. However, they should be flexible enough to allow policies shape them. They are not enforcers. Leaders, who will be at a position to lead and foster successful implementation of projects, will have to embrace high qualities of leadership. One of such qualities is characterized by visions and focus of the organizations future positions in terms of short term and long terms goals and objectives realization. To certify this requirement, leaders predominantly deserve to establish their standards of performance, set clear and precise directions, and seek the guidance of both practical and abstract images of the future position of the organization (Bolman Deal 2008, p.167). Deep emotional attachment and commitment to work toward the people who are charge d with doing the organizations work goes a long way in portraying the leaders passion to work and organizations functions. Other qualities of exemplary leaders include â€Å"technical competency, perceptive, holistic thinking, well endowed with communication skills and intuitive about undercurrents of mood or changes† (Hersey et al. 2007, p.93). These qualities arguably are consistent with calls for future leaders to incorporate multi-frames perspectives. With reference to Hersey et al. (2007), it is impossible that â€Å"managers will provide the necessary support to match the new demands they are making of their employees and employees are expected to emerge from the womb running without any visible means of support† (p.105). Bolman and Deal criticize the traditional approaches of leadership claiming that leaders operate and execute their responsibilities in an organization as if there is only one frame. The emphasis here is that, for successful implementation of fut ure projects, the leaders need to establish foundations that would ensure coherency in the way the stakeholders involve themselves in the implementation process.   They also need to know how they perceive and attach their anticipations to the entire project. A competitive leader needs to possess the ability to make the workforce and the heads of various organizational structures see the endeavors of an organization to implement projects that would translate to increased effectiveness of the organization from a positive dimension: enthusiasm for success despite failures of past attempts in other sectors. Such leaders appreciate the need to learn from such failures and use it to bench mark their organization projects implementation. This way replication of errors committed by other institutions may be avoided. All they need to do is to convince their workers that they can do things in a different way and succeed. Conclusion Making organizational decisions on implementation of vital projects that see an organization change its ways of operation and handling of work, calls for bold leaders. These leaders not only deserve to look at all issues entangling the implementation of projects from political, structural, symbolic and human resource frames collectively but also posses high qualities of leadership. The future leaders, who will perhaps handle intricate projects in future, are called to have high integrity and open-mindedness that prompts them to be open to logic and reason. This measure has the capacity to make them accommodate varying views of the people he or she leads irrespective of whether such views are instigated by political perspective, symbolism, structural frames or even human resource concerns. The success of implementation of projects squarely lies on the manager’s ability to consolidate and practice his or her roles: leading, controlling and monitoring, effectively. As discussed in the paper, adopting a specific frame while making essent ial projects implementation decisions exposes a manager to some situations, which curtails his or her efforts to look at the situation from varying latitudes and dimensions. Consequently, the paper advocates for a multi-frame approach while making management decisions especially by noting that people have different motivators, political affiliations and come from multiethnic society. In this perspective, organizational leadership has been discussed in the paper as complex, unpredictable and deceptive responsibility. References Bolman, L., Deal, T., 2008. Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Frost, J., 1986. Power, Politics, and Influence: In L. W. Porter and others (eds.): The  Handbook of Organizational Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K., Johnson, E., 2007. The Management of Organizational  Behavior. Upper saddle river, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jensen, C., Meckling, W., 1994. The Nature of Man. Journal of Applied Corporate  Finance, 7 (2), pp. 4-19. University of Melbourne., 2003. Managing the Educational Organization. Available at: http/: www. University of Melbourne. Young, R., 2005. Against the odds: how an executive project sponsor influenced a project to succeed despite unsupportive environment; MGSM case study 2005-3. Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 1(1), pp. 1-19.

British Monetary Policy vis--vis Euro-Zone Essay

British Monetary Policy vis--vis Euro-Zone - Essay Example In the 19th century peak British currency was actually defined in terms of gold. Giving up the precious metal link after 1945 relaxed the constraint on monetary policy and the floating sterling exchange rate that followed provided even less discipline. With the discarding of any precious metal support, dependence in sterling and monetary policy after the Second World War was reflected in the foreign exchange value, which fell from $4.03 to $1.70 by 1976, while inflation climaxed at an annual rate of 26.9%. Different tactics to create monetary stability have been tried since 1945, including shadow the Deutschmark and monetary targeting. Paradoxically one of the greater political dishonours for sterling, being forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in 1992, marked the beginning of the present union of the British economy to a stable non-inflationary growth path. The turn around in post war British economic policy began with Margaret Thatcher's government, elected in 1979. In addition to a series of monetary policy experiments, a variety of structural reforms in the economy were begun, including privatisation and steps to increase labour market flexibility. Inflation receded along with unemployment and economic development resumed. Election of the 'New Labour' government of 1997 saw no break in the principles of national economic management. It created an independent Monetary Policy Committee instructed to follow a uniform inflation rule and to report their deliberations. These arrangements eventually are usually judged to provide best practice monetary policy. For example synchronization between independent monetary and fiscal policies is far easier for Britain under the present arrangements than for Euro-zone with its many national taxing and spending policies. Not only is the monetary policy strategy and inflation target of the European Central Bank (ECB) censured for being poor and possibly damaging to the ECB's credibility. For the better management of the nation's finances the Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced the long belated distinction between capital and current account spending. Borrowing to improve the nation's useful capital was acceptable, as was temporary borrowing to stabilise the economy in the face of shocks. To ensure government debt increases were restricted to these two purposes, he accepted two obligations on government policy; that existing account spending should balance tax receipts over the cycle and that the government debt to national income ratio should not exceed 40 %. These improvements in the British macroeconomic management structure are important and definitely superior to the present equivalent institutions of the euro-zone, the European Central Bank and the Growth and Stability Pact. The government now needs to make comparable progress in the fields of the health service, education and transport, about which there is general displeasure among the electorate. In these services there is much to be learned from other European countries nevertheless joining the euro and possible resulting closer political integration with Europe do not guarantee to deal with British concerns. European Integration What Britain has in fact wanted from the rest of Europe is simply free trade, not imported institutions intended to manage continental problems.

Project Management Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project Management Techniques - Essay Example This case is a project aimed at upgrading the staff computers from Windows XP to Windows 7. It should be accomplished during the winter and spring 2011/2012, and shall be carried out by the six member in-house technical support unit of the organization. By the project’s end, all 400 computers located in the company’s 30 locations situated around England should be running on Windows 7. The computers presently are of varied types and specifications, and by project’s end should be running on Windows 7 without compromising or unduly interrupting the regular workload. The purpose of this report is to examine the project management tools that may be used to provide a systematic means of addressing the project’s planning and implementation. The project shall provide the context for discussion, but a full blown analysis is not attempted at this point. Prescribed Project Management Tools This section provides a cursory examination of the traditional project managem ent tools and comment on their applicable use in the context of this project. The traditional tools that will be discussed are the Gantt chart, the PERT method, the Logic Network, the Product Breakdown Structure, and the Work Breakdown Structure. ... In contemporary use, the importance of the Gantt chart as an industry standard is that the time and functional interdependencies of the various tasks are rendered immediately visible (Haughey, 2011). In the figure following, a Gantt chart is presented that may well serve as the initial conceptualization of the project plan. Here it is assumed that the group of six technicians will work in two teams, each team having one member that is familiar with end user requirements. Each of the teams will address half or the 30 locations, and each location can be addressed in two days (including travelling time). The initial schedule is thus laid out in the Gantt chart for one team. Author created The above chart is tentative and not executable for lack of additional data. If the tasks for each location could be broken down further (e.g. hardware modification, software installation, troubleshooting, etc.) and scheduled, e a more detailed and reliable chart results. Even in its tentative state, t hough, it already presents a useful rendition of the work intended and points out what other information are necessary to obtain. Logic Network The Logic Network depicts the series of activities that a project undergoes. The logical and sequential relationships of tasks are emphasized, and may provide information such as the critical path and the important milestones of the project. As with the Gantt chart, the dependencies are established between the timescale, the project elements, and the workflow ((Haughey, 2011). Author created For this case, the Logic Network shown above pertains to the activity of each team for each trip it takes to one of the 15 locations scheduled for it. In the team, a group of three

Network security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Network security - Research Paper Example This study proposes a number of ad hoc network protocols that will operate during on-demand basis or situations because on-demand protocols are known to have faster reaction and lower overhead compared to other routing protocols considering proactive mechanisms. Recently, there have been many developments as concerns mounting secure routing protocols for ad hoc networks incorporating a significant number of on-demand secure routing protocols to shield a number of probable attacks. In this study, a new attack that causes denial of service when exposed to all the previous on-demand network protocols is presented; it is referred to as rushing attack. Ad hoc network protocols like AODV and DSR with all security protocols imposed on them can’t discover routes which are longer than 2 hops when subjected to this attack. This is a serious attack because it can be propagated by even relatively very weak attackers. This study pays close attention to the setbacks that previous protocols had hence failing to counter this grave attack and come up with a RAP (Rushing Attack Prevention) which is a standard protection against on-demand protocols rushing attack. This protection provides a provable security feature to weak and even the stronger rushing attackers at no cost provided the underlying protocol does not fail to identify the working route. Topic description Nowadays the WSNs or Wireless sensor networks is gaining a global interest of its usage of minimal power radio skills and microelectronic systems. Its Sensor nodes are able to use batteries as a major source of power as well as harness energy from the environment as the case of solar panels. However the wireless sensor network architecture for WSN like any other wireless technology, it is subjected to a number of security attacks because it uses broadcast way of a transmission channel. A number of limitations in including security in WSN are prevalent e.g. : communication, storage limitations, processing capa bilities and computation, therefore, to plan a security protocol one has to understand all these challenges if acceptable performance is to be achieved (C?ayirci and Rong 187-202). This study will therefore, elaborate certain kinds of attacks over the ad hoc and wireless sensor networks as well as doing security analysis of the main routing protocols in these networks as pertains security goals and design. Ad hoc network can be described as a group of mobile nodes or computers that collaborate with each other by forwarding packets to each other; this enables them to extend their limited communication range for each computer’s wireless network interface. This study shall produce a number of established protocols in ad hoc networks. These networks are mostly preferred in situations where the communicating computers are mobile and wired network use is not economical or generally not present. These nodes may run applications from un-trusted sources and therefore a need of a secur e routing protocol. Secure routing protocols shouldn’t only be implemented only because of known attackers but even for the unforeseen ones because it will provide resilience to misconfigured computers. Routing tables for misconfigured nodes poses a

Social And Emotional Development Of Children

Social And Emotional Development Of Children Social and emotional development underpins effective learning, positive behaviour and the judgements they make in and out of school. Schools need to be places where emotions are accepted as normal, unthreatening, discussed freely, expressed safely strategies and support are written in statements and policies. A successful strategy that has been introduced into schools is SEAL, SEAL stands for social, emotional aspects of learning, and this is a school programme that focuses on the development and the application of social and emotional skills. Not only does SEAL consider the needs of the children but also all that work in the setting, providing support for them to implement the strategies that it highlights. Its important in the early years that practitioners understand that children develop at different rates; emotionally others are more mature than others. This is a similar situation for social development children that dont have enough social experiences from a young age are less likely to be social in a classroom due to lack of confidence. The theorist Bowlby is most famous for his attachment theory he devised the term maternal deprivation (Bowlby, n.d.) this was because he believed that if children were separated from their mothers at young age then they would be psychology damaged (Squire, 2007) this supports the theory that without enough social attachment and experiences in the early stages of life then children are more likely to be unconfident in social situations and find it harder to adapting to school life. The EYFS believe that all children are ready to learn. The EYFS (2012, pp.2) states that Development is not an automatic process, however. It depends on each unique child having opportunities to interact with positive relationships and enabling environments being a unique child emphasises more on the fact that children do develop at different rates. So having relationships with people and being in a encouraging environment helps develop children socially and emotionally, this is why its essential practitioners and schools provide these are much as possible. It is proven that in the 21st century children are more likely to worry about family, school, friendships from two decades ago (Blake, 2007). This is a worrying result because most people have the view that childhood should be carefree and trouble free. Schools have more pressure now more than ever to ensure that children have a safe and worry free environment to learn in. Social development is promoted in all child care settings, teachers are using group tasks more and involving children as much as possible, if they realise that a child is withdrawn then action is taken to involve this child such as talking to them and introducing new provisions such as a buddy system at play times so children can always have someone to socialise with. However when it comes to emotional development, I havent seen many provisions put into place to support this, some schools introduce schemes such as emotion sticks in which the children place their name in the pot with the emotion that they are feelin g that day, this quickly faded out because the children forgot and the practitioners forgot to remind the children that they need to do this, circle time is a popular way that schools choose to support emotional development, this is very effective in the early years, unfortunately not every school use circle time often because they dont have time and it wont fit into their curriculum so its often put aside. One way in which some schools promote emotional and social development is interacting with the community in which they live in, this gives children the sense of belonging and a strong self-image, this in turn builds self-esteem, the higher their self-esteem is then the more confident the child will be, making the most of opportunities especially throughout the school, because they have already had the experience of being involved with the charity event or helping the elderly they will be more confident in the social aspect of new activities but also emotionally because they have more confidence in what they can do. The every child matters document supports this strategy, the ECM has a section titled make a positive contribution helping the community is part of this. There are several strategies that schools use to support emotional and social development, in order to keep these as effective as possible, the school need to review the strategies as often as needed to ensure that they are working, if a method isnt working then another is chosen and used in the school. This can be done by monitoring the children whilst they are taking part in the strategies to see how they are using them, if they are engaged and involving themselves in them then this is a good sign however if a couple of children dont feel comfortable or utilising the method as desired then a different approach may need to be taken. Reviewing the strategies every term is a good way to see how effective it is, another strategy can then be introduced in the next term, and once the method that is the most effective in the school for the pupils, teachers and parents then it can be used throughout the school, different age groups may also need different strategies, older childrens emotio nal and social developmental needs will be different to the early years, this needs to be taken in consideration when planning approaches. Some schools may end up with 2 or 3 different methods being used in the school. One of the most recent strategies that schools use to support emotional and social development is the healthy schools scheme. This was set up to promote healthy eating and exercise in schools, not only does this promote concentration in the classrooms but it involves children in activities organised by the school, the way in which the schools implement this strategy is up to them, some may decide to use Activate or Wake Up Shake Up in their school day or by introducing healthy snacks at break and lunch time. A Healthy  School  promotes  the  health  and  well ­being  of  its  pupils  and  staff through  a well-planned,  taught  curriculum  in  a  physical  and  emotional environment  that  promotes  learning  and  healthy  lifestyle  choices (Departement of Health, 2007) This strategy was more important than ever in 2012 due to the London Olympic Games, children wanted to be more active in and out of schools, so having sports days and Olympic challenges was an ideal way to promote healthy schools further. The walking and cycling provisions that some schools use, involve the children in the community as well as being sociable, this supports the emotional and social development of children. However not all schools provide strategies such as these, some schools dont have the funding whereas others dont see it as an important aspect of childrens learning. When the scheme was first introduced thousands of schools took it on board however as the years have passed its become increasingly difficult for schools to motivate themselves to continue the strategy. In order for healthy schools to once again be a priority for schools, new ways of promoting healthy eating and exercise need to be put into place, schools could involve the children in this process, this would also make the children more motivated to actually do the activities because they have had an input. If a child is constantly being told that they are unhe althy therefore they need to take part in the schools activities, then their self-esteem is going to get lower and lower which has a considerable effect on the childs emotional welfare, they will eventually have a negative view of themself, schools need to be aware of this and ensure that no child is told they are unhealthy or lazy, every child needs to take part in the scheme as much as possible. In contrast to the recent impact of healthy schools, there has been numerous research and discussion about gender roles. There is the ultimate question of, are girls born automatically liking pink and boys liking blue? There will never be an exact answer to this question some will say its to do with nature whereas others will say affected by nurture. When children first come into a setting, they may feel pressure to go and play with the construction area if they are a boy or immediately go into the role play area if they are a girl. This attitude is changing and children are becoming more confident in their own decisions as to where they should play, however some parents heavily promote girls playing with dolls and putting on makeup the same is for boys, parents may want their son to play football or rugby which are heavily male influenced. This goes against the various strategies that schools are implementing to help prevent children feeling as though they dont have an individual id entity, which affects their emotional understanding. Dowling (2012, pp.159) agrees with this point young children will only become confused if values at home and nursery are in direct opposition Every classroom should be gender neutral with pale walls, and pictures of girls and boys playing in the different areas of the classroom, providing activities that both girls and boys can play with for example not just providing colouring pages for girls but for boys as well. However even though this method is being implemented, the media still goes against a gender neutral environment, portraying women in Disney films as being helpless and in danger and having a dashing knight coming to save the day, this gives children the perception that women are weaker and less brave then men. However this attitude will almost never be changed, companies know what makes them money and if it means giving children mixed views about themselves then they will continue to do it. Its essential that schools co ntinue to use the action that they are taking to help prevent these views coming into schools. Not only is it important that classrooms are inclusive, the practitioners also need have an understanding and agreement about inclusion, in order to provide equal opportunities for every child (Beaty, 2006) One of the most effective provisions that schools have introduced is circle time. Jenny Mosley is the brains behind the whole school approach towards circle time. Good behaviour management is key when doing circle time, the children need to know the rules that surround circle time, its a trusting place where the children can communicate with each other and discussing issues that they feel are important and is also a great opportunity for children to socialise with the rest of the class. Circle time can also be used as a anti bullying technique, if children arent getting along in or out of the classroom then this strategy can be used to give the children the opportunity to talk about their issues, this also opens their eyes to the fact that they may of really upset the other children, providing emotional awareness that a childs actions may affect another child and they may not even know it. Circle time works best when its not done too often; having circle time every day would be borin g for the children and the teacher and would lose the desired effect. It provides opportunities to learn how to listen and respect others; its also an emotionally safe place for children to be in with trusting people and a comfortable environment. (Circle Time, n.d.) However because circle time is the most effective when its done regularly, it can be easy to forget the routine of circle time missing circle time several weeks in a row can effect children because they may have something specific they want to say in circle time and dont get the opportunity to say it because the teacher has forgotten about circle time, this can be easily resolved the children could be responsible for reminding the teacher about circle time, having a day activity planner in a visible place that consists of pictures and words so the children can see what they are doing also, is a good way to inform that circle time will be happening, reassuring the children. Circle time additionally provides important tim e for children and practitioners to develop a trusting and positive relationship; this is why circle time is especially important in the first couple of weeks of term. The professional relationship between parents and teachers is just as important, parents and carers need to know that their child is safe and happy in the setting, if a parent has concerns about their child then the teacher is the first person that they will go to, for example if a parent thinks that their child is being bullied by another child in the class then the teacher and parent can work together to think of techniques to use in order to stop this happening, circle time could be one of the strategies used. A method that was used in a school to promote the relationships between child and teacher and parent and teacher was stay and play. This occurred once a week and parents or relatives had the choice to join in on activities in the classroom, it would start off by the teacher explaining what the activities were for, how they linked in with the curriculum and what the parents could do to further encourage the learning at home, the stay and play session lasted for 45 minutes, th e teacher answered any questions that they were asked, and the children enjoyed playing with the various activities in the classroom with the support from parents and teachers. This was a very effective strategy used in this school, and they can continue to maintain the building relationships by having parent councils like the one in Bruce Grove Primary School, they found a parent council very effective it provided opportunities for parents to communicate with one another and have their input into how they wanted their children to learn. This continues the positive relationship between schools and parents/carers, its essential that there is constant communication because they both want the children to learn and develop to the best of their ability, when children see the positive relationship between their parents and their teacher, it makes them comfortable around the teacher. Not only is the relationships within school important but the environment is equally important, the EYFS approach to the unique child consists of positive relationships and an enabling environment. An environment that provides opportunities and exploration also needs to make the child feel safe and secure. These positive environments from the EYFS (2012, pp.2) explain that they need to have stimulating resources, relevant to all the childrens cultures and communities successfully combining play and learning especially in early years settings, this is important because then children will link learning with being fun. Not only do schools need to support children with their emotional and social development but they also need to support them to take risks and explore new environments, children learn the most effectively through personal experiences so promoting these gives children more confidence in their abilities and having a better perception of themself. Positive relationships and e nabling environments ensures learning and development. Observing, assessing and planning ensures that strategies work in the setting and meet the childrens individual needs. Each section of the EYFS document are individual however they are all underpinned by the basic factors to successfully support childrens social and emotional development. Every unique child needs positive relationships from every direction; parents, teachers and fellow peers. Enabling environments that are supportive and positive these together will equal to learning and development.

guarani indians :: essays research papers fc

The Guarani is an indigenous group living in the eastern lowland area of South America, with a population of about 80,000. It is believed that the Guaranis originated in the area of the Amazon River, then started to move south and inland (www.hollowear.com). They now reside in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Brazil and their language is spoken by nearly 4 million people. (www.bartleby.com). There currently are three main sub-divisions of the Guarani tribes. Those are the Mbya, the AvaGuarani, and the Pay Tavytera, although they seem very cultured, they carry many of the traditional cultural elements of the land around them (www.museobarbero.org). They cling to their religious traditions and feel that what the earth-touches symbolizes its ethnicity. One of the three main tribes, The Mbya, can be found in the northern area of East Paraguay. The Mbya identify with their peers, the same way as their ancestors used to, through the remembrance of the tambeao, which is a woven garment made by the ancestors; eating habits and linguistic expressions (www.socioambiental.org). Despite the various types of pressures that the Guarani have faced and suffered over the past couple of centuries, and with the separation of their villages, the Mbya began to see themselves as a different group from the rest of the Guarani (www.museobarbero.org). The Mbya have a good religious background, which allows them to see their peers as equals, and to fully respect the lands that surround them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Guaycuru of the South maintained the southern area from Villeta until Corrientes. The Guaycuru were always in search of horses and the livestock, because of their inter-ethnical fights, in hopes to defend themselves. That was until the end of the eighteenth century. The last of the three main tribes is the Ava-Guarani, who can be found in the southern part of the Venezuelan Plains (www.museobarbero.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Spaniards established their place in Asuncion, the Guarani looked to form an alliance with the Spaniards (www.museobarbero.org). They wanted to because their river was constantly being threatened by surrounding tribes and they figured it they formed an alliance with the Spaniards, it would help to protect them, their family and their land. In way to get the Spaniards to form an alliance with the Guarani, the Guarani gave them corn and other food, as well as servants. The Guaranis are farmers, cultivating mainly corn, sweet potatoes, manioc root, tea, etc. Their handicraft is known to portray the forest and its living beings, and their basket weaving is seen to portray repeating patterns of snake skins, leopards and other animals.